2014년 1월 16일 목요일

[한국교육웹진 2013 / Vol. 40 No. 4] 지방분권 개혁과 교육감의 역할과 책임


지방분권 개혁과 교육감의 역할과 책임-프랑스 사례 연구- / 박상완
The Roles and Responsibilities of the Superintendent in Educational Decentralization Reform: A Case Study of France / Sang-wan Park

한국교육, 제40권 제 4호, pp.155-186 / Journal of Korean Education, 40(4), 155-186
Received 31 October 2013: Revised 9 December 2013: Accepted 16 December 2013


국문초록
   이 연구는 1980-90년대 이후 우리나라를 비롯한 대부분의 OECD 국가들에서 지방분권 개혁이 확대되고 있는 가운데 지방, 학교, 학생의 요구에 부응하기 위해서는 지방교육행정의 최고 책임자인 교육감의 역할과 책임이 중요하다는 문제인식 하에, 우리나라와 유사한 지방분권형 단일국가 체제와 중앙집권적 교육행정체제를 가지고 있으면서 1980년대 초부터 지방분권 개혁을 추진하고 있는 프랑스 교육감 제도의 특성을 분석하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 연구 목적 달성을 위해 문헌 및 (인터넷) 자료 분석방법을 주로 활용하되, 자료 분석·해석의 객관성과 정확성을 확보하기 위해 프랑스 교육 전문가와 전직 프랑스 초등교사의 자문을 받았다. 분석결과, 첫째, 프랑스의 지방교육행정체제는 광역자치단체 수준에 설치된 30개의 아카데미와 중역자치단체 수준에 설치된 101개의 아카데미국으로 구성되어 있으며 이들 조직은 위계적 관계를 갖고 있다. 교육감은 아카데미의 최고 책임자로서 일반 행정과 독립되어 지방의 국가교육행정사무를 관할한다. 둘째, 교육감은 교육부장관의 추천을 거쳐 대통령이 임명하는 정부재량 임명직이나 임명시 정치적 성향보다는 행정적, 전문적 역량, 경험, 업적 등 객관적인 요소가 중시된다. 교육감은 원칙적으로 박사학위 소지자여야 하나 전문 경력은 교육 분야로 한정되지는 않는다. 현직 교육감들은 대체로 대학교수, 고위 행정관료 출신들로 전문 분야는 다양하다 셋째, 교육감은 아카데미 내에서 중앙정부(교육부장관)를 대표하는 동시에 아카데미(지방교육)의 최고 책임자라는 이중적 지위, 역할을 갖는다. 아카데미 내에서 교육감은 유아교육부터 고등교육까지 책임지며, 국가와 계약 하에 있는 사립학교, 교원연수, 평생교육을 관할하며, 중등교육과 고등교육을 연계·조정한다. 지방분권 개혁으로 교육감의 권한과 책임은 확대되고 있는데, 교육감은 관할구역(아카데미)내에서 국가 교육정책을 실행하는 동시에 지방의 특수성을 반영하기 위한 아카데미 교육계획을 수립하고 이러한 교육계획이 하급 지방교육행정기관과 일선 학교에 일관되게 적용될 수 있도록 하고 있다. 이상의 분석 결과를 토대로 지방분권 확대에 따른 교육감의 역할, 교육감의 전문적 자질과 역량, 이를 보장하기 위한 제도적 보완 등에 관한 시사점을 도출, 제시하였다.
키워드
교육분권, 행정분산, 지방교육행정체제, 교육감, 아카데미

ABSTRACT
  As educational decentralization reform has prevailed among most OECD countries since 1980-90s, the roles and responsibilities of local superintendents of education are becoming crucial in ensuring quality education at the local level. This study aims to analyze the roles and responsibilities of French superintendents of education to draw policy implications for Korea. France is one of the western countries which have central government-oriented educational administration systems like Korea, and thus both countries have similar education politics and governance systems. This study shows that French local education authorities are composed of 30 academies (a large local administrative unit) and 101 academie offices (a mid-level local administrative unit), and these local education organizations are hierarchical. The superintendent (recteur) is the head of the academie. Superintendents are designated by the president with the recommendation of the minister of education, taking into consideration their professional and academic careers. It is advisable to hold a doctorate, but candidates’ professional careers are not necessarily limited to the field of education. Finally, the French superintendent has a dual position as a representative of the central government (i.e. the Ministry of Education) at the local level and as the head of local education administration in the academie. Several policy implications were drawn, and these could be applied to the reformation of superintendent qualifications, the election system and roles and responsibilities in local education administration in Korea.
KEYWORDS
educational decentralization, deconcentration, local education administration system, superintendent, académie
요즘

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